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  1. Environment
  • Year report
    • 2025 ✓

    • RP3
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  • Germany
  • Overview
    • Contextual information
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  • Safety
    • PRB monitoring
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    • Safety occurrences
      • Runway incursions
      • Separation minima infringements

  • Environment
    • PRB monitoring
    • En route performance
      • Flight efficiency
    • Terminal performance
      • AXOT, AXIT & ASMA
      • CDO/CCO
    • CIV-MIL

  • Capacity
    • PRB monitoring
    • En route performance
      • En route ATFM delay
      • En route performance indicators at ACC level
      • Other information
    • Terminal performance
      • Arrival ATFM delay
      • Other performance indicators

  • Cost-efficiency
    • PRB monitoring
    • En route CZ
      • Unit cost
      • AUCU
      • Regulatory Result
    • Terminal CZ
      • Unit cost
      • AUCU
      • Regulatory Result

Environment - Germany

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PRB monitoring

  • Germany registered a KEA performance of 2.47% compared to the local breakdown value of 2.62%. Whilst the FABEC target was not achieved, Germany contributed positively towards Union-wide performance.

  • Both KEP and KES remained improved in comparison with 2024. The improvement in KES shows that Germany has improved the element of horizontal flight efficiency that is under its control.

  • VFE of the actual en route trajectory was at 77.2%, which was better than the average Union-wide performance.

  • The average time in level flight during descent and climb were both stable compared to 2024, with minor deteriorations in performance compared to 2024.

  • Additional taxi-out time was stable in 2025 compared to 2024 and additional taxi-in time was 1.75 min/flight which improved marginally compared to 1.83 min/flight in 2024.

  • Additional time in the arrival sequencing and metering area deteriorated marginally to 2.64 min/flight from 2.53 min/flight in 2024.

En route performance

Horizontal flight efficiency of the actual trajectory (KEA) (KPI#1), of the last filed flight plan (KEP) (PI#1), shortest constrained route (KES) (PI#2) and vertical flight efficiency of the actual trajectory (VFE) (PI#3)

NoteFocus on en route performance

KEA

The absolute value of the indicator has been improving year on year from 2023 to 2025 for both KEA and the KEA corrected for the influence of the war in Ukraine (2.69% in 2023, 2.53% in 2024 and 2.47% in 2025 for KEA; 2.53% in 2023, 2.36% in 2024 and 2.30% in 2025 for the corrected KEA). These values correspond to a ranking of 13th for KEA and 19th for corrected KEA (all three years in both cases).

In terms of overall contribution to the additional distance in the SES area, the value of Germany is 9.18% (4th highest). The value went down from 10.28% in 2023 and 9.55% in 2024.

Regarding the assessment of the achieved level of actual performance in the environment KPA, the NSA reports: “In 2025, the target in the KPA environment has been met, as KEA reached a value of 2,47 %. This value is 0,15 percentage points below the target, and also below the KEA value of 2024 (2,53 p.p.).

Source of above shown values: SES DB (https://www.sesperformance.eu/dataportal/vis/2025/)“

Regarding the implementation of major operational or structural changes during the calendar year impacting performance in this key performance area, the NSA reports: “In 2025, ten out of thirteen AIRACs have been used for several route changes. The PYXIS/ZEBRA implementation in March 2025 was successful improving the overall capacity in Bremen ACC and Maastricht UAC with increased MME (military mission effectiveness). Throughout the year en-route and RAD updates were implemented to accompany the various PBN implementations for several airports in accordance with CP1.

Besides that, the major change has been made through flight plan adherence. In 2025, air traffic controllers were instructed not to issue non-standard flight level clearances or shortcuts in order to avoid undermining regulated airspace.”

Regarding progress on the implementation of the measures committed to in the ERNIP, the NSA reports: “DFS confirms that all planned ERNIP measures have been implemented as foreseen.”

Regarding the follow up of the remedial measures indicated in the previous monitoring report(s), the NSA reports: “The status of the following measures indicated in previous monitoring reports changed:

1. ERL/DON sector optimization: The division level between 2nd and 3rd sector has been raised. That measure has proven successful.

2. Karlsruhe UAC re-design sector group South Part 1: The old sectors ISA and CHI have been merged to form the new AMM sector. As fewer personel is needed to monitor that new sector an increase in capacity was acchieved. Implementation was finished March 2026.

3. Karlsruhe UAC re-design sector group South Part 2: Lateral optimization of ERL/DON sectors is currently in planning.

The status of further indicated measures hasn't changed compared to the 2024 monitoring report.”

KEP

Regarding initiatives implemented or planned that will improve this PI and how does the NSA intend on monitoring their effectiveness on performance, the NSA reports: “In 2025, ten out of thirteen AIRACs have been used for several route changes. The PYXIS/ZEBRA implementation in March 2025 was successful improving the overall capacity in Bremen ACC and Maastricht UAC with increased MME (military mission effectiveness). Throughout the year en-route and RAD updates were implemented to accompany the various PBN implementations for several airports in accordance with CP1.

Besides that, the major change has been made through flight plan adherence. In 2025, air traffic controllers were instructed not to issue non-standard flight level clearances or shortcuts in order to avoid undermining regulated airspace.”

KES

Regarding initiatives implemented or planned that will improve this PI and how does the NSA intend on monitoring their effectiveness on performance, the NSA reports: “In 2025, ten out of thirteen AIRACs have been used for several route changes. The PYXIS/ZEBRA implementation in March 2025 was successful improving the overall capacity in Bremen ACC and Maastricht UAC with increased MME (military mission effectiveness). Throughout the year en-route and RAD updates were implemented to accompany the various PBN implementations for several airports in accordance with CP1.

Besides that, the major change has been made through flight plan adherence. In 2025, air traffic controllers were instructed not to issue non-standard flight level clearances or shortcuts in order to avoid undermining regulated airspace.”

Vertical flight efficiency

Regarding initiatives implemented or planned that will improve this PI and how does the NSA intend on monitoring their effectiveness on performance, the NSA reports: “No additional procedures are currently planned or being considered. Continuous Descent Operations (CDO) are applied within the framework of published procedures whenever traffic conditions allow.”

Terminal performance

Additional taxi-out time (AXOT) (PI#4), Additional taxi-in time (AXIT) (PI#5) & Arrival Sequencing and Metering Area (ASMA) time (PI#6)

Airport level
Airport
Additional taxi-out time (PI#4)
Additional ASMA time (PI#6)
Additional taxi-in time (PI#5)
2025 2026 2027 2028 2029 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029
Berlin Brandenburg 2.55 NA NA NA NA 2.34 NA NA NA NA 1.34 NA NA NA NA
Cologne/Bonn 2.84 NA NA NA NA 1.91 NA NA NA NA 1.66 NA NA NA NA
Dusseldorf 2.62 NA NA NA NA 1.99 NA NA NA NA 0.97 NA NA NA NA
Frankfurt 3.54 NA NA NA NA 3.05 NA NA NA NA 2.41 NA NA NA NA
Hamburg 2.73 NA NA NA NA 2.39 NA NA NA NA 1.24 NA NA NA NA
Munich 3.39 NA NA NA NA 2.76 NA NA NA NA 1.66 NA NA NA NA
NoteFocus on AXOT, AXIT & ASMA

AXOT

Six German airports are subject to the monitoring of this indicator: Frankfurt, Munich, Berlin, Düsseldorf, Hamburg and Cologne/Bonn. Variations compared to 2024 stayed between plus/minus 5%, with the exception of Hamburg (+8%).

Additional time in Frankfurt in 2025 decreased to 3.54 min/dep, 4% lower than 2024 value – last year of RP3 – of 3.67 min/dep.

Additional time in Munich in 2025 increased to 3.39 min/dep, 5% higher than 2024 value – last year of RP3 – of 3.23 min/dep.

Additional time in Berlin in 2025 was equal to 2.55 min/dep, very close to 2024 value – last year of RP3 – of 2.61 min/dep.

Additional time in Düsseldorf in 2025 decreased to 2.62 min/dep, 5% lower than 2024 value – last year of RP3 – of 2.77 min/dep.

Additional time in Hamburg in 2025 increased to 2.73 min/dep, 8% higher than 2024 value – last year of RP3 – of 2.52 min/dep.

Additional time in Cologne-Bonn in 2025 decreased to 2.84 min/dep, 5% lower than 2024 value – last year of RP3 – of 2.98 min/dep.

The average for RP4 airports subject to monitoring of this indicator across Member States in 2025 was 3.61 min/dep.

Regarding initiatives implemented or planned that will improve this PI and how does the NSA intend on monitoring their effectiveness on performance, the NSA reports: “DFS is constantly optimising its approach system in order to improve capacity (open STARS) and to reduce detours (adjustments in IAPs during PBN transition).

DFS does not collect the data for the formation of this PI.”

AXIT

Six German airports are subject to the monitoring of this indicator: Frankfurt, Munich, Berlin, Düsseldorf, Hamburg and Cologne/Bonn. In most cases there was less than 0.1 minutes of difference compared to 2024.

The additional time in 2025 was equal to 2.41 min/arr in Frankfurt, 1.66 min/arr in Munich, 1.34 in Berlin, 0.97 min/arr in Düsseldorf, 1.24 min/arr in Hamburg and 1.66 min/arr in Cologne/Bonn.

The average for RP4 airports subject to monitoring of this indicator across Member States in 2025 was 1.71 min/arr.

Regarding initiatives implemented or planned that will improve this PI and how does the NSA intend on monitoring their effectiveness on performance, the NSA reports: “DFS is constantly optimising its approach system in order to improve capacity (open STARS) and to reduce detours (adjustments in IAPs during PBN transition).”

ASMA

Six German airports are subject to the monitoring of this indicator: Frankfurt, Munich, Berlin, Düsseldorf, Hamburg and Cologne/Bonn. In most cases there was less than 0.1 minutes of difference compared to 2024.

Additional time in Frankfurt in 2025 increased to 3.05 min/arr, 6% higher than 2024 value – last year of RP3 – of 2.87 min/arr.

Additional time in Munich in 2025 increased to 2.76 min/arr, 6% higher than 2024 value – last year of RP3 – of 2.61 min/arr.

Additional time in Hamburg in 2025 was equal to 2.39 min/arr, very close to 2024 value – last year of RP3 – of 2.34 min/arr.

Additional time in Berlin in 2025 was equal to 2.34 min/arr, very close to 2024 value – last year of RP3 – of 2.38 min/arr.

Additional time in Düsseldorf in 2025 was equal to 1.99 min/arr, very close to 2024 value – last year of RP3 – of 1.95 min/arr.

Additional time in Cologne-Bonn in 2025 was equal to 1.91 min/arr, very close to 2024 value – last year of RP3 – of 1.98 min/arr.

The average for RP4 airports subject to monitoring of this indicator across Member States in 2025 was 2.98 min/arr.

Regarding initiatives implemented or planned that will improve this PI and how does the NSA intend on monitoring their effectiveness on performance, the NSA reports: “DFS is constantly optimising its approach system in order to improve capacity (open STARS) and to reduce detours (adjustments in IAPs during PBN transition).”

Vertical flight efficiency of the descent (PI#7) and of the climb (PI#8)

NoteFocus on vertical flight efficiency of the descent and of the climb

Vertical flight efficiency of the descent

Compared to the overall RP4 average value (149.2 seconds per flight), average times flown level during descent are on average 53.9 seconds per flight higher in Germany. The highest average time flown level during descent happens at Saarbrücken (EDDR) (452.4 seconds per flight), while the lowest happens at Hamburg (EDDH) (87.1 seconds per flight).

Regarding initiatives implemented or planned that will improve this PI and how does the NSA intend on monitoring their effectiveness on performance, the NSA reports: “No additional procedures are currently planned or being considered. Continuous Descent Operations (CDO) are applied within the framework of published procedures whenever traffic conditions allow.

The NSA is monitoring the KPA Environment by regularly checking the current performance by using the existing dashboards.

Source of above shown values: SES DB (https://www.sesperformance.eu/dataportal/vis/2025/)“

Vertical flight efficiency of the climb

Compared to the overall RP4 average value (34.8 seconds per flight), average times flown level during climb are on average 1.7 seconds per flight higher in Germany. The highest average time flown level during climb happens at Saarbrücken (EDDR) (117.8 seconds per flight), while the lowest happens at Leipzig (EDDP) (20.5 seconds per flight).

Regarding initiatives implemented or planned that will improve this PI and how does the NSA intend on monitoring their effectiveness on performance, the NSA reports: “No additional procedures are currently planned or being considered. Continuous Climb Operations (CCO) are applied within the framework of published procedures whenever traffic conditions allow.”

Airport level
Airport
Avg. duration in climb (PI#8)
Avg. duration in descent (PI#7)
2025 2026 2027 2028 2029 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029
Berlin Brandenburg 22.5 NA NA NA NA 103.5 NA NA NA NA
Dresden 33.2 NA NA NA NA 134.7 NA NA NA NA
Erfurt 68.5 NA NA NA NA 213.9 NA NA NA NA
Frankfurt 30.4 NA NA NA NA 278.4 NA NA NA NA
Münster-Osnabrück 58.0 NA NA NA NA 186.7 NA NA NA NA
Hamburg 23.0 NA NA NA NA 87.1 NA NA NA NA
Cologne/Bonn 31.1 NA NA NA NA 199.9 NA NA NA NA
Dusseldorf 41.8 NA NA NA NA 139.4 NA NA NA NA
Munich 51.5 NA NA NA NA 244.7 NA NA NA NA
Nürnberg 68.6 NA NA NA NA 215.1 NA NA NA NA
Leipzig 20.5 NA NA NA NA 146.6 NA NA NA NA
Saarbrücken 117.8 NA NA NA NA 452.4 NA NA NA NA
Stuttgart 48.3 NA NA NA NA 255.3 NA NA NA NA
Hannover 28.1 NA NA NA NA 103.6 NA NA NA NA
Bremen 43.3 NA NA NA NA 147.9 NA NA NA NA

Civil-Military dimension

NoteFocus on Civil-Military dimension

Effective use of reserved or segregated local airspace

GERMANY reports a ratio of 88.43%

Regarding initiatives implemented or planned that will improve this PI and how does the NSA intend on monitoring their effectiveness on performance, the NSA reports: “FUA is integrated for the entire German airspace. Taking operational requirements into account DFS utilizes the available airspace for routing aircraft as much as possible. The NSA is monitoring the KPA by regularly checking the current performance using the existing dashboards.”

Rate of planning via available airspace structures

GERMANY reports that: - The ratio of planning via available airspace structures is 33.50% (via available restricted and segregated airspaces) - The ratio of planning via available airspace structures is 68.13% (via available conditional routes – CDR)

Regarding initiatives implemented or planned that will improve this PI and how does the NSA intend on monitoring their effectiveness on performance, the NSA reports: “FUA is integrated for the entire German airspace. Taking operational requirements into account DFS offers the available airspace to airspace users for planning as much as possible. The NSA is monitoring the KPA by regularly checking the current performance using the existing dashboards.”

Rate of using available airspace structures

GERMANY reports that: - The ratio of the use of the available airspace structures is 45.07% (via available restricted and segregated airspaces) - The ratio of the use of the available airspace structures is 70.35% (via available conditional routes – CDR)

Regarding initiatives implemented or planned that will improve this PI and how does the NSA intend on monitoring their effectiveness on performance, the NSA reports: “FUA is integrated for the entire German airspace. Taking operational requirements into account DFS utilizes the available airspace for routing aircraft as much as possible. The NSA is monitoring the KPA by regularly checking the current performance using the existing dashboards.”

 
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