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    Cost-efficiency - Sweden

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    Terminal charging zone

    Unit cost

    Actual and determined data
    Total costs - nominal (M€) 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029
    Determined costs 20.9 20.9 21.5 21.8 22.5
    Actual costs 19.9 NA NA NA NA
    Difference costs -1.0 NA NA NA NA
    Inflation assumptions 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029
    Determined inflation rate 2.0% 2.0% 2.0% 2.0% 2.0%
    Determined inflation index* 110.8 113 115.3 117.6 119.9
    Actual inflation rate 2.6% NA NA NA NA
    Actual inflation index* 110.8 NA NA NA NA
    Difference inflation index (p.p.) +0 NA NA NA NA
    *100 = 2022
    NoteFocus on unit cost

    AUC vs. DUC

    In 2025, the terminal AUC was -2.6% (or -40.35 SEK2022, -3.8 €2022) lower than the planned DUC. This results from the combination of lower than planned terminal costs in real terms (-4.6%, or -9.2 MSEK2022, -0.9 M€2022) and lower than planned TNSUs (-2.0%).

    Terminal service units

    The difference between actual and planned TNSUs (-2.0%) falls inside the ±2% dead-band. Hence, the loss of terminal revenues is borne by the ANSPs.

    Terminal costs by entity

    Actual real terminal costs are -4.6% (-0.9 M€2022) lower than planned. This is the result of lower costs for the main ANSP, LFV (-10.2%, or -1.3 M€2022) and slightly higher costs for the NSA (+0.5%), the other ANSP (Swedavia, +7.5%, or +0.5 M€2022).

    Terminal costs for the main ANSP (LFV) at charging zone level

    Based on the additional information to the terminal reporting tables, the significantly lower than planned terminal costs in real terms for LFV in 2025 (-10.2%, or -1.3 M€2022) result from:

    • Significantly lower than planned staff costs (-8.2%), mainly due to the variation in pension costs (-16 MSEK, or some -1 M€2022) reflecting a combined effect of higher interest rates (which lowered the level of pension liability) and higher pension indexation (which increased pension liability). At the same time, the staff costs (excluding pensions) were higher than planned. It should be noted that the difference in pension costs will be returned to the airspace users through the cost exempt from cost sharing mechanism.

    • Significantly lower than planned other operating costs (-18.7%), reflecting “many small differences including slightly lower rent and lower overhead costs (partly due to re-organisation in some units and delays in digitalisation projects)”.

    Assessment of the actual performance in the charging zone reported by the NSA

    The NSA of Sweden provides the following overall assessment of the actual performance in 2025 at charging zone level:

    “Overall lower actual unit cost in real terms because of lower actual costs exceeding the effect of lower traffic. Note that excluding the effect of uncontrollable costs of LFV the unit cost would be higher. A similar effect is difficult to anticipate the upcoming years.”

    Explanation of the differences between actual and determined costs at charging zone level reported by the NSA

    The NSA provides the following explanation for the differences between actual and determined costs in the charging zone:

    “The most impacting effect and reason behind the lower actual costs is staff costs. For LFV, in total, staff costs were below planned, mainly as a result of a one-time effect on pension costs, this one-time effect amounts to -28 SEKm for TNC Stockholm-Arlanda. The pension costs in all were 16 SEKm lower than planned as the indexation reduced the one-time effect.

    Swedavia have also lower staff costs but instead higher operating costs due to consultants.

    Regarding other operating costs LFVs costs is lower than planned due slightly lower rent and lower overhead costs. Swedavia’s costs is higher due to consultants instead of hired staff.

    Higher depreciations costs because of E-strip. The asset called E-strip and activated on 2024-12-01 relates to the project that was carried out during RP3 and was delayed at that time. The investment plan for 2029 also includes necessary measures to update this E-strip in order to ensure continued functionality through life extension. These measures need to be implemented earlier than originally planned to enable completion and commissioning according to plan. The project is also intended to include upcoming measures linked to A-SMGCS, which is somewhat earlier in time than the corresponding efforts for Estrip.”

    Recommendations formulated by the NSA to the ANSP (LFV) to rectify the situation and actions taken by the ANSP

    The NSA 2025 monitoring report indicates that “No official recommendations made.”

    Actual unit cost incurred by the users (AUCU) (PI#1)

    AUCU components (€/SU) – 2025
    €/SU
    DUC 154.31
    Inflation adjustment 0.05
    Cost exempt from cost sharing -10.88
    Traffic risk sharing adjustment 0.01
    Traffic adjustment (costs not TRS) 0.08
    Financial incentives 1.57
    Modulation of charges 0.00
    Cross-financing 0.00
    Other revenues -1.06
    Application of lower unit rate 0.00
    Total adjustments -10.23
    AUCU 144.08
    AUCU vs. DUC -6.6%
    Cost exempt from cost sharing by item - 2025 €'000 €/SU
    New and existing investments 46.8 0.37
    Competent authorities and qualified entities costs 0.2 0.00
    Eurocontrol costs 0.0 0.00
    Pension costs -1,432.4 -11.24
    Interest on loans 0.0 0.00
    Changes in law 0.0 0.00
    Total cost exempt from cost risk sharing -1,385.4 -10.88
    NoteFocus on AUCU

    Terminal AUCU monitoring at charging zone level

    The actual terminal unit cost incurred by airspace users (AUCU) in respect of activities performed in 2025 (1 592.17 SEK or 144.08 €) is -6.6% lower than the nominal DUC (1 705.22 SEK or 154.31 €). The difference between these two figures (-113.06 SEK/SU or -10.23 €/SU) is due to:

    • the positive inflation adjustment resulting from higher than planned inflation (+0.52 SEK/SU or +0.05 €/SU), it should be noted that Sweden excludes the pension costs for LFV in its calculation of inflation adjustment;

    • the impact of adjustments resulting from the costs exempted from cost sharing mechanism (-120.18 SEK/SU or -10.88 €/SU);

    • the addition of the traffic risk sharing adjustments (+0.09 SEK/SU or +0.01 €/SU);

    • the addition of the traffic adjustment (+0.83 SEK/SU or +0.08 €/SU) for the costs not subject to traffic risk sharing;

    • the impact of financial incentives (+17.36 SEK/SU or +1.57 €/SU); and,

    • the deduction of other revenues (-11.69 SEK/SU or -1.06 €/SU).

    The share of the regulatory result (see next sub-section) in the AUCU (before the deduction of other revenues) is -1.9%.

    Initiatives implemented or planned that will improve this PI reported by the NSA

    The NSA of Sweden indicates that no initiatives were implemented or planned.

    Regulatory result (RR)

    NoteFocus on regulatory result

    LFV net gain/loss on activity in the Sweden terminal charging zone in 2025

    LFV reported a net loss of -0.2 M€, as a combination of a loss of -0.003 M€ arising from the cost sharing mechanism, with a loss of -0.3 M€ arising from the traffic risk sharing mechanism and a gain of +0.1 M€ relating to financial incentives.

    LFV overall regulatory result (RR) for the terminal activity

    Ex-post, since LFV does not report any terminal assets and, in turn, no RoE (see Note 1 below for details), the overall RR equals the net loss from the terminal activity mentioned above (-0.2 M€, some -1.4% of the terminal revenues).

    Note 1

    LFV does not report any terminal ANS assets, as these are owned by another ANSP (Swedavia), which is responsible for managing approach and airport infrastructure, including that used for the provision of ATS. Consequently, no ex-ante or ex-post regulatory result can be calculated for LFV at terminal level.

    Therefore, when interpreting the actual cost-efficiency performance in the terminal charging zone and, in particular, the RR, both ANSPs should be considered together.

     
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