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        • Unit cost
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        • Regulatory Result

    Cost-efficiency - Luxembourg

    Download Report

    Terminal charging zone

    Unit cost

    Actual and determined data
    Total costs - nominal (M€) 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029
    Determined costs 18.1 19.4 20.3 21.1 21.2
    Actual costs 19.0 NA NA NA NA
    Difference costs 0.9 NA NA NA NA
    Inflation assumptions 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029
    Determined inflation rate 2.2% 2.1% 2.0% 2.0% 2.0%
    Determined inflation index* 107.6 109.9 112.1 114.3 116.6
    Actual inflation rate 2.5% NA NA NA NA
    Actual inflation index* 107.9 NA NA NA NA
    Difference inflation index (p.p.) +0.3 NA NA NA NA
    *100 = 2022
    NoteFocus on unit cost

    AUC vs. DUC

    In 2025, the terminal AUC was +7.6% (or +23.07 €2022) higher than the planned DUC. This results from the combination of higher than planned terminal costs in real terms (+4.8%, or +0.8 M€2022) and lower than planned TNSUs (-2.6%).

    Terminal service units

    The difference between actual and planned TNSUs (-2.6%) falls outside the ±2% dead-band, but does not exceed the ±10% threshold foreseen in the traffic risk sharing mechanism. The resulting loss of terminal revenues is therefore shared between the ANSP and the airspace users (see the main ANSP regulatory result).

    Terminal costs by entity

    Actual real terminal costs are +4.8% (+0.8 M€2022) higher than planned. This is the result of higher cost for the main ANSP, ANA (+4.8%, or +0.8 M€2022).

    Terminal costs for the main ANSP (ANA Lux) at charging zone level

    Based on the additional information to the terminal reporting tables, the higher than planned terminal costs in real terms for ANA in 2025 (+4.8%, or +0.8 M€2022) result from:

    • Significantly higher than planned staff costs (+6.6%), mainly due to fewer staff retiring than planned while “ANA estimated the average age of retirement at 59 years for staff working on shifts and 62 for other staff”.

    • Slightly lower than planned other operating costs (-1.3%).

    • Significantly higher than planned depreciation (+6.1%), mainly due to higher CNS-related depreciation costs. This reflects the activation in 2025 of certain projects, including investment costs stemming from 2018 onwards, as well as the activation of 2025 investments during the year rather than only at year-end.

    Assessment of the actual performance in the charging zone reported by the NSA

    The NSA of Luxembourg provides the following overall assessment of the actual performance in 2025 at charging zone level:

    “Please note that all figures are still subject to audit. Actual costs are higher than DC by 4,8%. As in addition traffic was lower by 2,6%, this leads to 7,6% higher UC.”

    Explanation of the differences between actual and determined costs at charging zone level reported by the NSA

    The NSA provides the following explanation for the differences between actual and determined costs in the charging zone:

    “Staff costs were slightly higher than initially forecasted for the RP4 performance plan. ANA had estimated an average age of retirement at 59 years for staff working on shifts (ATCOs, etc...) and 62 for other staff. Since the departure rate in 2025 did not materialise as forecasted, the overall staff costs have increased by 844kEUR.”

    “Depreciation costs are higher, as some projects have been activated during 2025 (investment costs stemming from 2018 onwards, where the activation was not foreseen by now) and as investments from 2025 were activated during the year instead of only at the end of the year.”

    Recommendations formulated by the NSA to the ANSP (ANA Lux) to rectify the situation and actions taken by the ANSP

    The NSA did not provide any recommendation in the NSA 2025 Monitoring Report.

    The ANSP (ANA) did not report on any action in the NSA 2025 Monitoring Report.

    Actual unit cost incurred by the users (AUCU) (PI#1)

    AUCU components (€/SU) – 2025
    €/SU
    DUC 323.52
    Inflation adjustment 0.79
    Cost exempt from cost sharing -0.26
    Traffic risk sharing adjustment 1.32
    Traffic adjustment (costs not TRS) 0.96
    Financial incentives 1.66
    Modulation of charges -1.32
    Cross-financing 0.00
    Other revenues -51.22
    Application of lower unit rate 0.00
    Total adjustments -48.06
    AUCU 275.46
    AUCU vs. DUC -14.9%
    Cost exempt from cost sharing by item - 2025 €'000 €/SU
    New and existing investments 0.0 0.00
    Competent authorities and qualified entities costs 0.0 0.00
    Eurocontrol costs 0.0 0.00
    Pension costs -14.2 -0.26
    Interest on loans 0.0 0.00
    Changes in law 0.0 0.00
    Total cost exempt from cost risk sharing -14.2 -0.26
    NoteFocus on AUCU

    Terminal AUCU monitoring at charging zone level

    The actual terminal unit cost incurred by airspace users (AUCU) in respect of activities performed in 2025 (275.46 €) is -14.9% lower than the nominal DUC (323.52 €), which includes DUC initially charged: 342.35 €, and DUC to be charged retroactively: -18.83 €. The difference between the AUCU and the DUC (-48.06 €/SU) is due to:

    • the positive inflation adjustment resulting from higher than planned inflation (+0.79 €/SU);

    • the impact of adjustments resulting from the costs exempted from cost sharing mechanism (-0.26 €/SU);

    • the addition of the traffic risk sharing adjustments (+1.32 €/SU);

    • the addition of the traffic adjustment (+0.96 €/SU) for the costs not subject to traffic risk sharing;

    • the impact of financial incentives (+1.66 €/SU);

    • the impact of modulation of charges (-1.32 €/SU); and,

    • the deduction of other revenues (-51.22 €/SU).

    The share of the regulatory result (see next sub-section) in the AUCU (before the deduction of other revenues) is -6.4%.

    Initiatives implemented or planned that will improve this PI reported by the NSA

    The NSA of Luxembourg did not provide any information regarding such initiatives.

    Regulatory result (RR)

    NoteFocus on regulatory result

    ANA Lux net gain/loss on activity in the Luxembourg terminal charging zone in 2025

    ANA reported a net loss of -1.1 M€, as a combination of a loss of -0.9 M€ arising from the cost sharing mechanism, with a loss of -0.4 M€ arising from the traffic risk sharing mechanism and a gain of +0.1 M€ relating to financial incentives.

    ANA Lux overall regulatory result (RR) for the terminal activity

    It should be noted that for ANA the rate of RoE has been set to zero. Therefore, ex-post, the overall RR reflects only the net loss from the terminal activity mentioned above (-1.1 M€, corresponding to -6.4% of the terminal revenues).

     
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