Cost-efficiency - Denmark

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Terminal charging zone

Unit cost

Actual and determined data
Total costs - nominal (M€) 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029
Determined costs 32.5 33.1 34.1 34.7 34.9
Actual costs 31.0 NA NA NA NA
Difference costs -1.5 NA NA NA NA
Inflation assumptions 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029
Determined inflation rate 1.9% 2.1% 2.0% 2.0% 2.0%
Determined inflation index* 106.8 109 111.2 113.4 115.7
Actual inflation rate 1.8% NA NA NA NA
Actual inflation index* 106.6 NA NA NA NA
Difference inflation index (p.p.) -0.1 NA NA NA NA
*100 = 2022

AUC vs. DUC

In 2025, the terminal AUC was -2.4% (or -30.98 DKK2022, -4.17 €2022) lower than the planned DUC. This results from the combination of lower than planned terminal costs in real terms (-4.4%, or -10.0 MDKK2022, -1.3 M€2022) and lower than planned TNSUs (-2.1%).

Terminal service units

The difference between actual and planned TNSUs (-2.1%) falls outside the ±2% dead-band, but does not exceed the ±10% threshold foreseen in the traffic risk sharing mechanism. The resulting loss of terminal revenues is therefore shared between the ANSP and the airspace users (see the main ANSP regulatory result).

Terminal costs by entity

Actual real terminal costs are -4.4% (-1.3 M€2022) lower than planned. This is the result of lower costs for the main ANSP, NAVIAIR (-4.5%, or -1.4 M€2022) and higher costs for the MET service provider (+6.7%).

Terminal costs for the main ANSP (NAVIAIR) at charging zone level

Based on the additional information to the terminal reporting tables, the lower than planned terminal costs in real terms for NAVIAIR in 2025 (-4.5%, or -1.4 M€2022) result from:

  • Slightly lower than planned staff costs (-1.1%).

  • Significantly lower than planned other operating costs (-20.2%), mainly due to lower or postponed expenditures in various cost items, with the exception of training costs which were on plan.

  • Significantly higher than planned depreciation (+11.2%), mainly due to a high activity level compared to plan.

  • Slightly lower than planned cost of capital (-1.1%), mainly due to a lower bank loan interest rate than expected.

Assessment of the actual performance in the charging zone reported by the NSA

The NSA of Denmark provides the following overall assessment of the actual performance in 2025 at charging zone level:

“Lower OPEX (not training) means that real unit costs are 2.4% below DUC despite traffic also being lower than planned.”

Explanation of the differences between actual and determined costs at charging zone level reported by the NSA

The NSA provides the following explanation for the differences between actual and determined costs in the charging zone:

“The difference is due to lower OPEX except for training and lower interest. However, the difference is relatively small and does not need to be rectified.”

Recommendations formulated by the NSA to the ANSP (NAVIAIR) to rectify the situation and actions taken by the ANSP

No information was provided in the NSA 2025 Monitoring Report.

Actual unit cost incurred by the users (AUCU) (PI#1)

AUCU components (€/SU) – 2025
€/SU
DUC 184.77
Inflation adjustment -0.23
Cost exempt from cost sharing 0.89
Traffic risk sharing adjustment 0.08
Traffic adjustment (costs not TRS) 0.04
Financial incentives -1.87
Modulation of charges 0.00
Cross-financing 0.00
Other revenues -0.82
Application of lower unit rate 0.00
Total adjustments -1.92
AUCU 182.85
AUCU vs. DUC -1.0%
Cost exempt from cost sharing by item - 2025 €'000 €/SU
New and existing investments 152.6 0.89
Competent authorities and qualified entities costs 0.0 0.00
Eurocontrol costs 0.0 0.00
Pension costs 0.0 0.00
Interest on loans 0.0 0.00
Changes in law 0.0 0.00
Total cost exempt from cost risk sharing 152.6 0.89

Terminal AUCU monitoring at charging zone level

The actual terminal unit cost incurred by airspace users (AUCU) in respect of activities performed in 2025 (1 364.42 DKK or 182.85 €) is -1.0% lower than the nominal DUC (1 378.75 DKK or 184.77 €) which includes DUC initially charged: 1 443.11 DKK (or 193.40 €), and DUC to be charged retroactively: -64.36 DKK (or -8.62 €). The difference between the AUCU and the nominal DUC (-14.33 DKK/SU or -1.92 €/SU) is due to:

  • the negative inflation adjustment resulting from lower than planned inflation (-1.70 DKK/SU or -0.23 €/SU);

  • the impact of adjustments resulting from the costs exempted from cost sharing mechanism (+6.63 DKK/SU or +0.89 €/SU);

  • the addition of the traffic risk sharing adjustments (+0.56 DKK/SU or +0.08 €/SU);

  • the addition of the traffic adjustment (+0.26 DKK/SU or +0.04 €/SU) for the costs not subject to traffic risk sharing;

  • the impact of financial incentives (-13.95 DKK/SU or -1.87 €/SU); and,

  • the deduction of other revenues (-6.14 DKK/SU or -0.82 €/SU).

The share of the regulatory result (see next sub-section) in the AUCU (before the deduction of other revenues) is 6.2%.

Initiatives implemented or planned that will improve this PI reported by the NSA

No information on such initiatives was provided in the NSA 2025 Monitoring Report.

Regulatory result (RR)

NAVIAIR net gain/loss on activity in the Denmark terminal charging zone in 2025

NAVIAIR reported a net gain of +0.6 M€, as a combination of a gain of +1.6 M€ arising from the cost sharing mechanism, with a loss of -0.6 M€ arising from the traffic risk sharing mechanism and a loss of -0.3 M€ relating to financial incentives.

NAVIAIR overall regulatory result (RR) for the terminal activity

Ex-post, the overall RR, taking into account the net gain from the terminal activity mentioned above (+0.6 M€) and the actual RoE (+1.3 M€), amounts to +2.0 M€ (6.4% of the terminal revenues). The resulting ex-post rate of return on equity is 7.4%, which is higher than the 5.0% planned in the PP.